Lincolns Use of Presidential War Powers essays

Lincoln's Use of Presidential War Powers essays Recognizing Abraham Lincolns position at the onset of the Civil War, it is evident that many of the actions and decisions he carried outset groundbreaking precedents for future presidents. The prescribed precedents are on the forefront of todays political stage George W. Bushs role in initiating the war with Iraq bears great resemblance to Lincolns nineteenth-century strategies. Nevertheless, while the principle underlying both of their plans is similar, the reality of the situation is that Bush manipulated Lincolns precedents in such a fashion so as to justify a war that simply was not necessary. Thus, while Lincoln and Bush may have acted in a comparable fashion, Bushs actions and strategies ultimately prove to be the negative consequences of Lincolns actions and subsequent precedents. Indeed, Bushs political and policy strategies for the War on Iraq have exploited Lincolns well-intended precedents and have disrupted the checks and balances system that is critical to the success of the American government. Lincoln used his presidential powers extensively during the start of the Civil War; to the point that some people actually believed he was stretching them beyond the Constitutional limits. In the first months of the war, prior to the convention of Congress, Lincoln expanded the regular army, called for volunteers, and spent federal funds that had not yet been appropriated. Support for these actions was yielded by his own claim that once Congress met, they would surely approve his actions. Stretching his war powers as commander in chief, Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports and substituted martial law for civil war in numerous states. This action was legally equivalent to a declaration of war, a power expressly reserved to Congress in the Constitution. However, it can be argued that because the war was defensive in nature, the President did not need the authoriz...

Free Essays on Endangered Species

Endangered species are living things whose population is so reduced that they are threatened with extinction. Thousands of species are included in this category. The International Union for the Conservation of nature and Natural Resources publishes a list of threatened mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and (many people donÕt consider them) plants. CAUSES OF EXTINCTION Millions of years before humans, extinction of living things was linked to geological and climate, the effects of which were translated into major alternation of the environment. Environmental change is still the primary cause of the extinction of animals, but now the changes are greatly accelerated by humans activity. Clearing land for farms and towns, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands all alter the environments so extensively that ecosystems may be completely destroyed. With a burgeoning human population requiring food, shelter, and clothing and constantly demanding more energy-using devi ces, the temperation to exploit land for human use without regard for consequences is great. Frequently, several forms of environmental change are responsible for the disappearance of species. For example, as tropical forests are cut down, primates have progressively smaller feeding and living spaces. They also become more accessible to hunters, who kill monkeys for food and trap many primates for sale as pets, research animals, and zoo specimens. Some animal species may move into human communities when their own are destroyed. Extermination of marauding monkeys, roaming tigers, or foraging deer is easy to justify by people whose livelihood is threatened. Pollution is another form of environments change. Forty species of birds in the United States, including peregrine hawk, bald eagle, pelicans, and roseate terns, lay thin-shelled as a result of ingesting degradation products of and some other chlorination hydrocarbon insecticides that make their way into the f... Free Essays on Endangered Species Free Essays on Endangered Species Endangered species are living things whose population is so reduced that they are threatened with extinction. Thousands of species are included in this category. The International Union for the Conservation of nature and Natural Resources publishes a list of threatened mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and (many people donÕt consider them) plants. CAUSES OF EXTINCTION Millions of years before humans, extinction of living things was linked to geological and climate, the effects of which were translated into major alternation of the environment. Environmental change is still the primary cause of the extinction of animals, but now the changes are greatly accelerated by humans activity. Clearing land for farms and towns, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands all alter the environments so extensively that ecosystems may be completely destroyed. With a burgeoning human population requiring food, shelter, and clothing and constantly demanding more energy-using devi ces, the temperation to exploit land for human use without regard for consequences is great. Frequently, several forms of environmental change are responsible for the disappearance of species. For example, as tropical forests are cut down, primates have progressively smaller feeding and living spaces. They also become more accessible to hunters, who kill monkeys for food and trap many primates for sale as pets, research animals, and zoo specimens. Some animal species may move into human communities when their own are destroyed. Extermination of marauding monkeys, roaming tigers, or foraging deer is easy to justify by people whose livelihood is threatened. Pollution is another form of environments change. Forty species of birds in the United States, including peregrine hawk, bald eagle, pelicans, and roseate terns, lay thin-shelled as a result of ingesting degradation products of and some other chlorination hydrocarbon insecticides that make their way into the f...

Does mergers and acquitions create value Coursework

Does mergers and acquitions create value - Coursework Example 1-6 Definition of Terms 1-7 Summary CHAPTER-2 RELEVANT LITERATURE REVIEW 2-1 Overview of the Topic 2-2 Scope and Limitations of this Review 2-3 Organisation of the Literature Review 2-4 Discussion CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY 3-1 Research Methodology 3-2 Research Approach 3-3 Event study methodology 3-4 Assessment of firm efficiency 3-5 Wealth effects 3-6 Research Design 3-7 Consent Procedures 3-8 Instrumentation 3-9 Procedures 3-10 Data Collection and Recording 3-11 Data Process and Analysis 3-11 Methodological Assumptions CHAPTER-4 RESULTS / FINDINGS 4-1 Overview 4-2 Effectiveness of M&A: Mergers by UK companies 4-3 Expenses on acquisitions overseas by UK 4-4 Mergers Abroad By UK Companies 4-5 Mergers in UK by Foreign Companies 4-6 Mergers in UK by UK Companies CHAPTER-5 DECISION 5-1 Business Proposal 5-2 Service Development Plan 5-3 Key Recommendation CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSIONS Glossary Bibliography Appendix A. Survey Instruments Appendix B. Statistical Tabulations of Survey Data Appendix C List of Tables Page Table 1. Title of Table 1 Table 2. Title of Table 2 Table 3. Title of Table 3 Table 4. Title of Table 4 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Title of Figure 1 Figure 2. Title of Figure 2 Figure 3. Title of Figure 3 Figure 4. Title of Figure 4 Abstract/ Executive Summary Merger and acquisitions is essential to enabling for an active Business lives. 'Does Merger and acquisitions create value' for shareholders depends on the causal motivation of the transaction. Perfect market finance theory demonstrates that the risks of both public companies and their stockholders are well diversified since any single company is alleged by a large group of shareholders and every shareholder grips a market portfolio in the...Teacher and staffs of the Department are extremely helpful. Devoid of their assistance this study could not have reached its ultimate conclusion. National Statistics, Drummond Gate, London and other divisions National Statistics under the State Government cooperated entirely to collect data for this study. State employees helped with their openness, dedication and sincere desire to serve. All the optimistic attributes of this dissertation have driven from those mentioned above. The conclusions or any other errors, omissions and mistakes within this dissertation are attributable just to the author. Merger and acquisitions is essential to enabling for an active Business lives. 'Does Merger and acquisitions create value' for shareholders depends on the causal motivation of the transaction. Perfect market finance theory demonstrates that the risks of both public companies and their stockholders are well diversified since any single company is alleged by a large group of shareholders and every shareholder grips a market portfolio in the economy. Proviso the value of a firm is resolute by its future cash flows; shareholders would be apathetic to receiving cash flows from two separate firms then from a merged firm. Our present dissertation "Does Merger and acquisitions create value" aimed to investigate the implications of implementing Merger and acquisitions and draw conclusions, which will support the development

Roman Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roman Republic - Essay Example But having said that, in case the three parties contradict with each other, then living in Rome could become like running on thorns. As explained, each party controls crucial departments which are integral for the development of economy in Rome. If the consuls do not agree with the decisions of the senate then the country’s security would be in trouble causing the businesses running in the country, to fear for their lives. Similarly if the senate refuses to pay for working committee, then the revenue of the country could get a deep hemorrhage resulting in large number of people losing out on their jobs. On the other hand, If people fail to execute their rights properly by acknowledging committed performances from their compatriots or punishing the guilty properly or even if they contradict with the senate with regard to ramifications or penalties, then that could also ruin the lives of people as those carrying out illegal activities may feel even more comfortable knowing that the government is not providing proper penalties. On a personal opinion, as mentioned above, the rules and regulations, the policies, all could become the best ones available only if the three parties of the government work in unison.

Understanding Educational Research & Assessment Essay Example for Free

Understanding Educational Research Assessment Essay The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of technology on achievement in the public school system. Using technology is not a new form of teaching in the school systems, but the question are how effective is technology in the classroom and does it really help in some academic subjects. A classroom teacher has to use different learning methods in order for the students to understand the concept being taught. Unfortunately, computers cannot teach some academic areas such as literacy skills, math skills, writing and reading skills. Using technology can enhance learning in the classroom by helping the teacher generate ideas to keep students motivated to do their work. Sharon Judge (2005); tested the connection between academic success among young African American children and their access to computers in their school and in their home. Her study focuses on 1,601 African American public school children who went to kindergarten and first grade. The results show that access to a home computer, computer areas within classrooms, child to computer ratios, software, and computers in schools were certainly correlated with academic achievement. In addition, constant use of software for literacy and math games were positively connected with academic success during kindergarten. High achievers that used software for literacy and math more often than both low and average achievers put together during kindergarten. Sharon Judge (2005) also examined the fast expansion of children access to computers and the internet in the United States is extraordinary. As of 2001, statistics say that about three-quarters of children between the ages of five and seven use computers at school, and fifty-six percent use computers at home. DeBell Chapman (2003). On the other hand, countless studies were written about the topic that showed that technology access and use in U. S.schools is a bit negative in schools serving Black, Hispanic, and low socio-economic status (SES) students who tend to have the lowest access to, and the most remedial usages of new technology (Becker, 2000; Dividing Lines, 2001; Wenglinsky, 1998). In addition, an important gap exists in home-computer ownership and Internet access between African American and white households (DeBell Chapman, 2003; Fairlie, 2002; Puma, Chapin, Pape, 2003; Solomon, 2002). Research Design/Methodology The purpose of this research is to determine how the influences of technology benefit the achievements in the public school system. The study methods will include information that was written in the region of study, the information will consist of several scholar articles and the influence of technology achievement in public schools. The research will include how technology usage in the classroom affects students and how technology improves the overall performance in the classroom. A scholar article is a professional paper written by a specialist in a given branch of knowledge. This data includes all the reviews of the scholar articles that were written by the specialist in a particular subject of information.

To the Editor :: Weapons Mass Destruction War Essays

To the Editor There is [I1] no proof of weapons of weapons of mass destruction, and little substantial evidence that Saddam Hussein Supported Al Qaeda. For the last year and one half, George W. Bush and his administration have told us about Iraq’s vast production of biological weapons and how Iraq was supporting Al Qaeda, but where’s the proof. [I2] The two main reasons the United States invaded Iraq were because, of stock piles of weapons and Saddam Hussein's link to Al Qaeda . Let’s start with the weapons of mass destruction. There were [I3] several satellite photos showing buildings that were suspected to be making chemicals for germ warfare and other various chemical weapons. These photos show only buildings and no other proof that Iraq was making these bombs. The U.S. still had the United Nations weapons inspectors investigate these findings and report them to the Security Council. The U.N.’s Chief weapons inspector Hans Blix Reported there was not significant evidence from ariel photos to prove there were any chemical weapons. Hans Blix said himself, â€Å"If I had solid evidence that Iraq retained weapons of mass destruction or were constructing such weapons I would have taken it to the Security Council.† Shortly after these findings were reported, President Bush prepared a speech accusing Baghdad of building such weapons. This shows before the U.S. even went to war in Iraq , there was little to no evidence to i nvade Iraq, at least because of weapons of mass destruction. [I4] To this date, the U.S. has not found any substantial evidence to support it’s [I5] actions in Iraq. In April of 2003 shortly after the invasion started, semi trailers were seized near Baghdad. The trailers were suspected to be portable labs to produce biological warfare agents. The trailers and their contents were soon tested to see weather they had any of the five main biological warfare agents. All tests were returned negative of these chemical agents. As this shows, there is [I6] no proof of weapons of mass destruction, even after the U.S. had invaded and occupied Iraq for the last year and a half.

A Clinical Assessment and Management of a Patient

A CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH FACULTATIVE HYPEROPIA Prepared By: Santos, Clarence O. Abstract Ametropia is an anomaly of the refractive state of the eye in which, with relaxed accommodation, the image of objects at infinity is not formed on the retina. Thus vision may be blurred. The ametropias are: astigmatism, hyperopia (hypermetropia) and myopia. The absence of ametropia is called emmetropia. The word â€Å"ametropia† can be used interchangeably with â€Å"refractive error† or â€Å"image formation defects. Types of ametropia include myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. They are frequently categorized as spherical errors and cylindrical errors. Those who possess mild amounts of refractive error may elect to leave the condition uncorrected, particularly if the patient is asymptomatic. For those who are symptomatic, glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or a combination of the three are typically used. Keywords Hyperopia, Ametropia, Facul tative Hyperopia IntroductionHyperopia, also known as farsightedness, longsightedness or hypermetropia, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance. As an object moves toward the eye, the eye must increase its optical power to keep the image in focus on the retina. If the power of the cornea and lens is insufficient, as in hyperopia, the image will appear blurred.The causes of hyperopia are typically genetic and involve an eye that is too short or a cornea that is too flat, so that images focus at a point behind the retina. In severe cases of hyperopia from birth, the brain has difficulty merging the images that each individual eye sees. This is because the images the brain receives from each eye are always blurred. A child with severe hyperopia has never seen objects in detail and might present with amblyopia or strabismus. If the brain never learns to see objects in detail, then there is a high chance that one eye will become dominant.The result is that the brain will block the impulses of the nondominant eye with resulting amblyopia or strabismus. Case Report Michelle Tizon, a 19 year old female had a routine eye checkup last July 23, 2012. She does not wear any corrective lenses. The patient does not report any symptoms of visual deficiencies and declares that she has clear vision at any distance. The patient claims that both of her parents are hypertensive, and likewise she is too. Clinical Findings The patient’s vision is 20/20 monocular and binocularly for both distance and near, with an interpupillary distance of 60/58mm and a pupil diameter of 4mm.All the patient’s ocular adnexae are within normal limits. Static retinoscopy reveals a gross finding of +2. 50 sph for both eyes and a net finding of +0. 50 sph. The fin dings enable her to achieve 20/20 vision. Upon refinement during subjective refraction, her final prescription is of +0. 50 sph for the right eye and +0. 25 sph for the left eye. The patient’s near point of convergence was measured at 8/13 which is within normal limits and with push-up amplitude finding of 12 cm or 8. 33 D. Corneal reflex testing showed a reflex located slightly nasally for the left eye and centered on the right eye.Upon further verification through alternate cover tests a slight amount of exophoria was revealed for both distance and near. Motility testing shows jerking in the patient’s smooth pursuit in all directions but smooth, accurate, full and extensive on saccades. Fundoscopic examination revealed that the internal eye for both eyes of the patient are well within normal limits and absent of any pathology. Phorometric testing reveals a habitual phoria for the patient measured at 2 xop for distance and 1 xop for near, with the same values for the induced phoria.The amplitude of accommodation of the patient was at 7. 75D which is a determinant that the patient does not need any correction for near vision Diagnosis: The patient has Facultative Hyperopia. Discussion: Various eye care professionals, including ophthalmologists, optometrists and opticians, are involved in the treatment and management of hyperopia. At the conclusion of an eye examination, an eye doctor may provide the patient with an eyeglass prescription for corrective lenses. Minor amounts of hyperopia are sometimes left uncorrected.However, larger amounts may be corrected with convex lenses in eyeglasses or contact lenses. Convex lenses have a positive dioptric value, which causes the light to focus closer than its normal range. Management: Full prescription should be given to the patient to aide her refractive error. References: American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with hyperopia. 1997. â€Å"Eye Health: Presbyopia and Your Eyes. † WebMD. com. October, 2005. Accessed September 21, 2006. Chou B. Refractive Error and Presbyopia. † Refractive Source. com Accessed September 20, 2006. American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with presbyopia. 1998. Kazuo Tsubota, Brian S. Boxer Wacher, Dimitri T. Azar, and Douglas D. Koch, editors, , Hyperopia and Presbyopia, New York: Marcel Decker, 2003 Roque, B. Refractive errors in children. November 2, 2005. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions: How do you measure refractive errors? â€Å". The New York Eye And Ear Infirmary. Retrieved 2006-09-13.

Adulteration in Food Essay

Adulteration in food is normally present in its most crude form; prohibited substances are either added or partly or wholly substituted. Normally the contamination/adulteration in food is done either for financial gain or due to carelessness and lack in proper hygienic condition of processing, storing, transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the consumer is either cheated or often become victim of diseases. Such types of adulteration are quite common in developing countries or backward countries. It is equally important for the consumer to know the common adulterants and their effect on health. The increasing number of food producers and the outstanding amount of import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers. To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The  consciousness of consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair market behavior may endanger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So we need simple screening tests for their detection. In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems. Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases like cancer, diarrhoea, asthma, ulcers, etc. Majority of fats, oils and butter are paraffin wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli powder is mixed with brick powder and pepper is mixed with dried papaya seeds. These adulterants can be easily identified by simple chemical tests. Several agencies have been set up by the Government of India to remove adulterants from food stuffs. AGMARK – acronym for agricultural marketing†¦.this organization certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commodities. Health care systems at Central, State, district or municipal levels have to implement various types of health programmes. But of these, the one which is most complicated, disappointing and frustrating is related to the prevention of food adulteration. For other types of health programmes, the manager has periods of satisfaction followed by periods of worry and concern; but, for those responsible for implementing prevention of food adulteration programme in a conscientious manner, it is nothing but continued agony. Any health care personnel responsible for administering this programme either at the administrative or at the operational level will have the same opinion. What is food adulteration? Food adulteration is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient. Food is declared adulterated if: * a substance is added which depreciates or injuriously affects it * cheaper or inferior substances are substituted wholly or in part * any valuable or necessary constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted * it is an imitation * it is colored or otherwise treated, to improve its appearance or if it contains any added substance injurious to health It is undoubtedly a social evil which can be regarded as the outcome of an interaction between a number of social, economic, technical and human behavioral factors. It is a manifestation of a sick society and can be regarded as a crime similar to other crimes like theft, burglary or murder. Like any other crime, food adulteration is expected to continue in our society as long as the existing factors which generate crime will continue. The question of eradication of food adulteration is an impossible task. Ugly Face of Food Adulteration ADULTERATION IN MILK Food adulteration is common in almost all developing countries. But its ugly face is not the same everywhere. In a developing country which is at the lowest rung of the development ladder, food adulteration consists of relatively simple measures, the best examples of which are the addition of water to milk, mixing inferior quality of food to more expensive varieties and the use of non-permitted and harmful colours in the preparation of homemade processed foods for sale. On the other hand, in countries which have a developed food industry sector, food adulteration has a broad spectrum starting from simple procedures to most complicated technological procedures needing high level technical competence. It is obvious that in such food adulteration, technical expertise of very high order is utilized by the adulterator in performing such type of crime. India unfortunately comes in the latter category. Starting from the simple procedure of adding water to milk or selling diluted buffalo milk as cow’s milk or using skimmed milk powder for making high quality milk, the adulteration process goes to the other extreme of utilizing non-permitted food additives in making processed package foods or making perfect imitations of well known brands of food which can sometimes escape the most careful scrutiny of the food inspectorate. Why Food Adulteration? Let us be clear that food adulteration in India under the law includes both willful adulteration of food and â€Å"substandard† foods which do not conform to the prescribed food standards but are not done intentionally. Taking an overall view of all types of food adulteration, three major underlying causes could be identified: * Inadequate availability of food to meet the demands of the consumer prompting the unscrupulous food traders to use any means to stretch the supply to earn more money. * ADULTERATION IN GHEE The more important reason is the basic dishonesty of the food traders and an urge to make quick and easy money. In fact, this urge to make money in an unscrupulous manner is possibly the basic reason for the majority of crimes committed in the modern day society, be it theft, burglary, bank looting or murder. This dishonesty to earn easy and quick money is not only restricted to the food traders who commit crime of food adulteration but can also apply with equal force to the law enforcer who might make an alliance with the food trader with most disastrous results. * There are significant numbers of cases of food adulteration committed by small traders due to their ignorance about the standards they are expected to maintain. It is true that all food standards after they are developed are circulated by government notification for the knowledge of all traders; but it is equally true that there is an abysmal gap between the traders and the law enforcers, especially when they are small and medium traders e.g. the street corner food sellers. How Prevalent is Food Adulteration? This is a question which is being posed for the last few decades with no clear cut answer. The statement issued from the government authorities on the basis of samples checked and the number prosecuted indicates that about 14 to 15 per cent of samples lifted are found to be adulterated. This is the most undependable and unrealistic estimate of the prevalence of this crime. Such data from the government reports can be regarded as the most distorted statistics since these are based on the samples lifted which is obviously a terribly biased sample based on the whims, likings, opportunities and the convenience of the food inspectorate. Anyone having a little knowledge of statistics would immediately come to the conclusion that  this is the most undependable estimate of prevalence of food adulteration in the country. On the other extreme are the views of the consumer that almost all foods in the country are adulterated by the unscrupulous food traders. It is obvious that the real answer lies in-between the two extremes. Need for a Realistic Study It is felt that there is an urgent need for an impartial scientific study to determine the prevalence of food adulteration in the country. Such study should not be undertaken by an interested party, the consumers or the law enforcers, but should be undertaken by a research institution in a properly designed and controlled manner. The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare and the Indian Council of Medical Research are ideally suited to undertake such a study in various parts of India in order to find out the extent of food adulteration, the types of foods which are commonly adulterated, the types of adulteration adopted, the common adulterants used, the health hazards of such type of adulteration and lastly, to explore as far as possible the motives for such adulteration. In other words, such a study will generate for the first time data on the basis of which one can develop an â€Å"anatomy of food adulteration† and possibly, get an idea of the â€Å"profiles of the food adulterators† and the reasons for such adulteration. The results of such a study will be an eye opener for the consumers, law enforcers and also for those who are brooding for decades as to the reasons of food adulteration and how to prevent this menace. Food Standards Prevention of food adulteration goes very closely with the establishment of food standards. The Central Committee of Food Standards, a statutory body in the Directorate-General of Health Services, Government of India, is responsible for laying down realistic standards. However, one should realize that the standards should be such which are enforceable and which are realistic. For instance, laying down a standard like â€Å"carbide should not be used for ripening of fruits† is only a wishful thinking because the rules do not prescribe how the standard can be enforced. A standard which is not enforceable is not a standard at all. Secondly, a standard must be realistic. The present standard that not a grain of Khesari Dal should be  present in any other sample of cereals or grams is not realistic since in is not practicable in the present agricultural practices. Even if 3 per cent of Khesari Dal is present as â€Å"foreign body†, which is permissible under the Rules, it is certainly not injurious for health. It does not mean pleading for the particular admixture of Khesari Dal with cereals. But it is being pointed out that the standard should consider the agriculture and other practices in the country and make those which are realistic. Similarly, the PFA Act and Rules should be reviewed in-depth. At the present moment, the rules are designed to catch the criminal after the crime has been committed. More attention should be given to know how to prevent this crime. In other countries, such programme is known as food safety or food control, which is more realistic than the prevention of food adulteration. How to Prevent Food Adulteration? Can this menace be eradicated? Like any other crime, food adulteration would continue. However, everyone will wish that this menace, like any other crime, be controlled significantly. In India, there are two extreme views which are in circulation. According to one view, we have to coexist with this crime for years to come but with suitable measures it could be brought down to a low level. The sense of co-existence with this crime has possibly emerged from a sense of frustration as over the decades we have witnessed the continuation of food adulteration without signs of abatement in spite of numerous measures taken by the government. The second view is that, with severe deterrent punishment and a strict enforcement of the legal measures, food adulteration could be eradicated almost to a stage of non-existence. It is difficult to say which the real answer is. At the moment, one could identify three different views coming from three different angles – from the enforcers of the control measures, the consumers and the traders – the three partners in the prevention of food adulteration. The enforcers which mean the government, municipal bodies and all others responsible directly or indirectly with the control of food adulteration will opine that the control of this menace needs a number of measures; only legal enforcement will not be enough. The basic requirements are providing adequate food supply at a reasonable price, setting up of realistic food standards which are enforceable and which can be attained by majority of the  traders (not only the big food industries but the common agricultural producers, traders and the medium and petty food processor), the minimum basic honesty on the part of the traders and the law enforcers, a band of committed inspectorate staff and of course, a harsh deterrent punishment for those who commit this crime. It has been mentioned for decades that if deterrent punishment is prescribed for food adulteration, this crime will disappear. A famous statement in the past was â€Å"Hang them on the nearest lamp post and adulteration will disappear† But this alone will not work. There is now a provision under the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act and Rules those in extreme cases, life imprisonment could be awarded to those who commit food adulteration which is extremely injurious for health. Though this provision exists, so far not one person has been given this sentence. Lessons Learnt What lessons have we learnt in the implementation of a programme for food adulteration? India has the experience of running this programme for almost 30 years. Even now, we are not clear at all about the main facets of food adulteration. For example, it is extremely important to get some information about the prosecutions being made in the States and the municipal bodies during the last five years in order to answer certain questions like A. the percentage of prosecution launched against the big traders versus small and medium traders B. Percentage of prosecutions launched for dangerous adulterations versus innocuous adulteration. C. Percentage of prosecutions launched for complex types of adulteration versus simple adulteration. D. Percentage of prosecutions launched against institutional adulteration versus â€Å"unintentional adulteration†. This would throw considerable light on the motives of adulteration, the extent of adulteration, the gravity of adulteration, the mode of adulteration and the effectiveness of sampling adopted by the inspectorate. The lifting of sample is an area which needs considerable improvement and every one responsible for the enforcement of food adulteration would agree on this point. At the present moment, this is entirely on the discretion of the food inspectors which certainly could be much more rationalized and made more realistic. Result: Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, dyes and argemone oil. Sugar is usually contaminated with  washing soda and other insoluble substances. Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper are red colored lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried papaya seeds respectively. Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is not possible to ensure wholesome food only on visual examination when the toxic contaminants are present in ppm level. However, visual examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after thoroughly examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration on packed food is very important for knowing the ingredients and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the freshness of the food and the period of best before use. The consumer should avoid taking food from an unhygienic place and food being prepared under unhygienic conditions. Such types of food may cause various diseases. Consumption of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic conditions should be avoided. It is always better to buy certified food from reputed shop. BIBLIOGRAPHY * ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009 * www.wikipedia.com * www.answers.com * www.icbse.com * www.google.com

How to Use the French Expression Cest la Vie

How to Use the French Expression Cest la Vie The very old, very common French idiomatic expression Cest la vie,  pronounced  say la vee, has been around the world and back as a mainstay in dozens of cultures. In France, its still used in the same sense as always, as a sort of restrained, slightly fatalistic lamentation that this is how life is and theres not much you can do about it. It seems natural that this expression is often said with a shrug of the shoulders and a bemused, but furrowed brow. In English, it is translated as Thats life, and Such is life.  A vulgar slang equivalent in English would be Sh happens. Non-French Speakers Prefer the French Original The French Cest la vie, surprisingly,  is preferred in non-French cultures, and Cest la vie is used far more in English than in French. But  unlike many expressions  that English speakers have borrowed from French, the meaning is the same in both languages. Cest la vie,  even in English,  is a sad, Chaplin-esque acknowledgment  that something less than ideal must be accepted because thats just the way life is. Here is an exchange highlighting the fatalism inherent in this expression: Il a perdu son boulot et sa maison le mà ªme jour, tu te rends compte  ?   He lost his job and his home the same day. Can you imagine?Cest la vie !  Ã‚   Cest la vie! / Thats life! Variations on the Theme, Some Good, Some Not Cest la guerre Thats war. Cest la vie, cest la guerre, cest la pomme de terre. Thats life, thats war, thats the potato. (Only English speakers use this strange saying.) In French, Cest la vie can also be used non-fatalistically. As such,  the emphasis is on the  presentative cest introducing la vie and the idea that were talking about something thats essential to life or a particular way of life, as in:Leau, cest la vie.   Water is life. Cest la vie de famille qui me manque.   Its family life that I miss. Vivre dans le besoin, cest la vie dartiste.   Living in poverty is the life of an artist. Related Expressions Cest la vie de chà ¢teau (pourvu que à §a dure).   This is the good  life. Live it up (while it lasts). Cest la belle vie ! This is the life! La vie est dure ! Life is hard! Cest la bonne. Its the right one. Cest la  Bà ©rà ©zina. Its bitter defeat / a lost cause. La vie en rose Life through rose-colored glasses La  vie  nest  pas en rose. Life is not so beautiful. Cest  la  zone ! Its a pit here! Cest la vie, mon pauvre vieux  ! Thats life, my friend! Alternate Versions of Cest la Vie Bref, cest la vie ! Anyway, thats life! Cest  la  vie.  / Cest  comme cela. /  La  vie  est  ainsi faite. Life is life. Cest  la  vie.  / On ny peut rien. / Cest  comme à §a.   Ã‚  Thats the way the ball bounces. / Thats the way the cookie crumbles Examples of Usage Je sais que cest frustrant, mais  cest la vie.​   I know it is frustrating, but thats life.   C’est la vie, c’est de la comà ©die et c’est aussi du cinà ©ma.  Ã‚  Thats life, thats comedy, and thats  cinema, too. Alors il ny a rien faire. Cest la vie! Theres nothing to be done then. Cest la vie!

Unnecessary commas - Emphasis

Unnecessary commas Unnecessary commas Write Away reader Bill Friar got in touch to air one of his professional writing bugbears: I would dearly love to see an item on the creeping trend of putting commas between peoples names and their titles or descriptive terms. For example: Prime Minister, David Cameron, spoke outside Downing Street. or action star, Tom Cruise, went on a rampage I dont remember seeing this kind of thing very often even five years ago. Now its everywhere. The madness must stop. Thanks, Bill. You make an excellent point those double commas hugging Tom Cruise and David Cameron shouldnt be there. But why is this punctuation wrong? Appositives Its wrong because Tom and David, in the above examples, are restrictive appositives. Say what? An appositive is a word, phrase or clause that renames, explains or identifies another noun in the same sentence. They can be restrictive or nonrestrictive. For example: Emphasis Training, the business-writing trainers, are based in Brighton. Youll notice that the appositive above is tucked away between commas. This is because the business-writing trainers is a nonrestrictive appositive: if you remove it from the sentence youd still know who the subject (Emphasis) is, and it would still make sense. However, some appositives are restrictive they cant be left out of the sentence without changing the meaning or leaving people confused. Restrictive appositives should not have commas round them. In Bills examples, the names cant be removed because it would leave the sentences incomplete, as they dont start with a determiner (eg the, a, our etc): Prime Minister spoke outside Downing Street Action star went on a rampage And even if they did, we might still need more information to properly identify the subjects in question, and not leave the reader guessing. For all we know, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina was speaking outside Downing Street about Bruce Williss recent rampage. Now thats how rumours get started.

My Electronic Dictionary is Very Important to Me Essay

My Electronic Dictionary is Very Important to Me - Essay Example Chomsky continued that he â€Å"can find definitions for four or five words in one minute†. As an international student, the author understands and agree with Chomsky love of words. Knowing the meaning of various new words is essential for learning proper English. It is impossible to carry around a huge dictionary with me all the time. However, an electronic dictionary is something that helps me avoid all of the inconveniences. Everyone can benefit from the use of an electronic dictionary because â€Å"students and scholars of language, the electronic versions open up to our possibilities for the exploitation of dictionary texts that the print versions could not begin to offer". The reporter highlights that  "I use it to learn new words and I am not shy about using it in the conversations. How can I communicate effectively with people around me if I do not know the meaning of the words they say? I am very happy that I finally purchased an electronic dictionary. The dictionary is my constant companion and is always with me always. In many conversations, it helped me to find the right terms to use and not to make a fool of myself by saying something inappropria te. While my electronic dictionary is easy to use, the purchase of it was not quite as easy One day, when I went shopping with my parents to one of the department stores in our neighborhood, I saw an electronic English dictionary that was destined to be mine. It was well designed and offered amazing features. These characteristics caught my attention immediately. The dictionary, literally, mesmerized me with its smooth silvery case. I could not divert my eyes from it. I went closer to the shelf where it laid to have a better look at it. The list of available features in the dictionary was no less astonishing than its looks."

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature review - Essay Example Man has its own structure according to his responsibilities, woman posse’s different structure as per her responsibilities. Men and women both created in couples but both posses different attributes and different lifestyles. Woman posses some traits completely different from man and man owns some characteristics entirely different from woman. Still, there is a competition lies between man and woman. No matter in which part of the world, they live but it’s so easy to find a tight competition between man and woman. Gender plays an important role in both human beings. Gender helps creating special traits in every man or woman. It is generally considered that men are strong and women are weak, there are thousands of differences on the basis of which it is usually said. Regardless of strength, there are many other factors that make woman different from man. Man are usually strong in feelings, they do not take care lots of small things in their life, while on the other hand, woman are always possessive about their relationship, their belongings etc. The word docility states the trait of being agreeably manageable and submissive. Docility can also be defined as the willingness and readiness to fulfill other wishes without considering own’s wish. ... The term docility also points Judith butler’s (1990) theory of gender performance. She points that individuals must constantly perform defined gender actions, in order to get away the social discipline that is experienced against queer sexuality. In the repetition of gender actions, actions are usually ignored and the avatar is usually considered as an internal identity. In this way, gender seems a docile body. For instance, Miroslaw Filiciak (2003) argues that the developing of identities in cyberspace is not so much in plenty from a self as it is a longed for chance of showing one’s self beyond physical limits. These expressions might not move beyond the gender actions and sexual norms that make the â€Å"self†. In the eyes of many sociologist, docility in the main concept of performance. Docility usually helps in identifying personal traits as per their gender specification; it also helps in understanding why individuals authorize with the agency to develop th eir own sexual world rather to perpetuate the identified norms of gender and sexuality. Conformity is the action of relating attributes, concepts, and actions to what human gender considers is usual of their community or social group. This determination appears in small units and society as a whole, and normally output from elusive unconscious shapes, or direct and overt social force. Conformity can appear in the presence of others, or when an individual has no one around him. For instance, people incline to obey social values when eating or watching their favorite plays, even when they have no one around them. A number of people normally conform from a wish of being safe within a unit generally in a group of a similar religion, unit,